Damascus, the eastern part of the city wall near to Bab Kisan

Damascus, the eastern part of the city wall near to Bab Kisan

al-Bab ash-Sharqi, a small arched side entrance

al-Bab ash-Sharqi, a small arched side entrance

A minaret rises above al-Bab ash-Sharqi

A minaret rises above al-Bab ash-Sharqi

Raqqa, the inner façade of Baghdad Gate (Bab Baghdad)

Raqqa, the inner façade of Baghdad Gate (Bab Baghdad)

Noria (water wheel) with aqueduct in ar-Rastan in 1930

Noria (water wheel) with aqueduct in ar-Rastan in 1930

Great Umayyad mosque and Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, Aleppo: drone photograph

1512_D.SH_2314428_Madinat-Halab-al-Qadima-05_s

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate's tower from the outside

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate’s tower from the outside

Bab as-Salam, portal with coloured stone layers (ablaq)

Bab as-Salam, portal with coloured stone layers (ablaq)

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate's tower with its machicolations and parapets

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate’s tower with its machicolations and parapets

Bab al-Hadid, inscription beside the door from outside

Bab al-Hadid, inscription beside the door from outside

Raqqa, Baghdad gate

Raqqa, Baghdad gate

The main arch and the integrated columns of the Nabataean gate in Busra

The main arch and the integrated columns of the Nabataean gate in Busra

Raqqa, Baghdad Gate, geometric decorations in the niche, built with bricks

Raqqa, Baghdad Gate, geometric decorations in the niche, built with bricks

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate's entrance from the outside

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate’s entrance from the outside

Bab as-Salam, the "door of peace" in the north of Old Damascus

Bab as-Salam, the “door of peace” in the north of Old Damascus

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the entrance

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the entrance

Raqqa, Baghdad Gate (Bab) as seen from outside the fence

Raqqa, Baghdad Gate (Bab) as seen from outside the fence

Citadel of Aleppo, Entrance Gateway

Citadel of Aleppo, Entrance Gateway

Bab Antakiya, main gate

Bab Antakiya, main gate

Damage pattern, water infiltration, on render on brick masonry, Old city center, Warsaw, Poland

Fig. 26, Catalogue of Damage

The general structure of the example dome house in Taanayel (Libanon) before the end of the construction process

The general structure of the example dome house in Taanayel (Libanon) before the end of the construction process

Main fassade of Jamiʿ at-Tawashi mosque (video)

A modern building and a traditional mud fence in one of the Ghouta fields of Damascus

A modern building and a traditional mud fence in one of the Ghouta fields of Damascus

Covering rubble infill, protective tarpaulin of outer walls, San Salvatore a Campi, Perugia, Italy

Fig.43_Protective tarpaulin of outer walls

Yabrud: A stone facade of a historic building

Yabrud: A stone facade of a historic building

Shahba, Exterior view of the Roman Theatre/ Philippopolis

Shahba, Exterior view of the Roman Theatre/ Philippopolis

Ghuta of Damascus, an alley in one of the villages

Ghuta of Damascus, an alley in one of the villages

Great Mosque of Raqqa-Rafiqa, 8th/12th C.

Great Mosque of Raqqa-Rafiqa, 8th/12th C.

Reconstruction of Assyrian town Dur Katlimmu

Reconstruction of Assyrian town Dur Katlimmu

Raqqa, Bagdad Gate, Drawing of total reconstruction

Raqqa, Bagdad Gate, Drawing of total reconstruction